花旗：量子计算突破正在加速，比特币面临超额量子风险
ChainCatcher 消息，据 CoinDesk 报道，花旗银行在最新报告中表示，量子计算技术进展速度快于市场预期，正加速加密货币及互联网基础设施面临的潜在安全风险，其中比特币被认为是“风险敞口最大”的资产之一。报告指出，比特币当前使用的 ECDSA 椭圆曲线加密体系，理论上可能被足够强大的量子计算机破解。攻击者未来或可通过已公开的公钥反推出私钥，从而伪造交易、盗取资产。
花旗分析师 Alex Saunders 表示，比特币由于治理机制相对保守、协议升级速度较慢，因此相比以太坊等 PoS 网络更难快速完成抗量子升级。报告估算，目前约有 650 万至 690 万枚 BTC 因公钥已暴露而存在潜在量子风险，占当前流通供应量约三分之一，按现价计算价值约 4500 亿美元。其中包括部分早期 P2PK 地址，以及被认为属于中本聪的钱包。
花旗同时警告“Harvest Now, Decrypt Later（先收集、后破解）”风险，即攻击者当前先收集加密数据，待未来量子算力成熟后再统一破解。
不过，花旗仍对加密行业长期适应能力持积极态度，认为区块链未来仍可通过后量子密码学（Post-Quantum Cryptography）及协议重构完成迁移。报告提到，比特币社区正在讨论的 BIP-360 与 BIP-361 升级提案值得关注。
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